TOP TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION FOR 2025 AND BEYOND
Navigating Global
Student Mobility
In 2025, international education will continue to evolve within a complex global ecosystem, amid geopolitical shifts, economic pressures, new governments and election cycles, and rapid technological advancements. Students, institutions, and policymakers must navigate these complexities to ensure that international education remains accessible, adaptable, and impactful. Along with these changes, the global demand for education continues to rise. Now, more than ever, it is critical to understand and adapt to shifting mobility patterns and emerging digital platforms. By doing so, international education professionals will be better prepared to create innovative solutions which promote institutional stability and build their global student audience.
TOP TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION FOR 2025 AND BEYOND
Navigating Global
Student Mobility
In 2025, international education will continue to evolve within a complex global ecosystem. As geopolitical shifts, economic pressures, and rapid technological advancements reshape the world, students, institutions, and policymakers must navigate these complexities to ensure that international education remains accessible, adaptable, and impactful. Along with these changes, the global demand for education continues to rise. Now, more than ever, it is increasingly critical to understand and adapt to shifting mobility patterns and emerging digital platforms. Doing so will enable stakeholders to innovate new solutions for enhanced sector stability.
Institutions and governments across major education destinations remain focused on fostering high-quality experiences that enable diverse student populations to thrive. While enrolment growth continues to be a consideration, ensuring that students are supported holistically—academically, socially, and professionally—has become even more integral to long-term institutional success. Sustainability, digital transformation, and cross-sector collaboration are no longer peripheral concerns but rather central pillars in shaping the future of the sector.
This report provides a detailed exploration of the trends driving change in international education worldwide. We analyze the global mobility patterns reshaping recruitment, the digital revolution transforming learning environments, and the shifting demands of the future workforce. By drawing on key data, industry insights, and forward-looking analysis, this report will guide members of the international education community as they respond to this dynamic and interconnected landscape, helping them to anticipate challenges and drive sustainable growth.
As we steer through these global shifts, we remain committed to building a resilient, inclusive, and forward-thinking international education ecosystem—one that equips students to lead and innovate in the world they are shaping.
Navigating New Global
Mobility Patterns
Last year, our trends report centred on the importance of alignment between students, institutions, and labour markets, noting that cross-sector collaboration is essential for delivering high-quality education.
Sector developments throughout 2024 have only reinforced the necessity of collaboration. Policy changes in most major English-speaking destinations and fluctuating currencies across the globe have led to reduced student demand for the “Big Four.”1
Meanwhile, other destinations are emerging as attractive alternatives. This redistribution of student interest underscores that while demand for international education remains strong, the pathways students are choosing are evolving. Institutions, governments, and engaged organizations in established markets must now navigate these policy changes and competitive pressures, and adapt to these new mobility patterns.
Navigating New Global
Mobility Patterns
Last year, our trends report centred on the importance of alignment between students, institutions, and labour markets, noting that cross-sector collaboration is essential for delivering high-quality education and experiences.
Sector developments throughout in 2024 have only reinforced this need. Policy changes in most major English-speaking destinations and fluctuating currencies across the globe have led to reduced student demand for the “Big Four.”
While the established Anglophone markets are fielding new challenges, other regions are emerging as attractive alternatives for international students. This redistribution underscores that while demand for international education remains strong, the pathways students are choosing are evolving. Institutions, governments, and stakeholders must now adapt to these new mobility patterns by navigating policy changes and competitive pressures to ensure sustainable growth and success.
Declining International Application Volumes to Major Anglophone Destinations
The main narrative in English-speaking destinations in 2024 has been a wave of significant policy adjustments in response to evolving student demand post-COVID. As travel restrictions limited international student mobility in 2020 and 2021, many students deferred their plans, enrolling instead in 2022 and 2023.
In response, destination markets have recalibrated policies in ways which have restricted student mobility. Each government has justified these changes as efforts to support the sustainability of international education while enhancing students’ opportunities in a new, more complex landscape. Canada introduced a study permit cap, increased proof of funds requirements, revised Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP) eligibility, and ended the student direct stream pathway.2
- Read more about Australia’s recent policy changes here.
Read more about the UK’s recent policy changes here.
- The PIE, UK increases international student maintenance requirements. September 2024.
Australia’s new Migration Strategy brought in higher English proficiency requirements, increased financial thresholds, and a Genuine Student requirement, along with a student cap set to be implemented in 2025.3 And in the UK, after tightening rules on international student dependants, uncertainty surrounding the Graduate Route persisted until the Migratory Advisory Committee (MAC) review in May.4 The UK has also increased the proof of funds requirement for international students, starting January 2025.5
While these policies were designed to foster more sustainable learning environments and support student success, they nonetheless contributed to significant drops in student demand across these destinations, as we highlight below.
Canada processed nearly 868,000 student visa6 applications in 2023,7 shattering the previous year’s record by 17%.8 This includes approved, rejected, and withdrawn applications. But this trend reversed sharply in 2024. From January to September 2024, IRCC processed just 469,000 applications. This was 46% fewer than full-year 2023. Further speaking to Canada’s falling demand, over 23,000 study permit applications were withdrawn in the January to September period of 2024. This represents a 5% increase over the combined five-year total from 2019 to 2023.
- The terms student visa and study permit are generally used interchangeably for Canadian international students. Rather than student visas, Canada provides accepted international students with study permits, which allow those students to enrol in classes at Canadian institutions. When a student is approved for a study permit, they are also usually provided with a visitor visa, which allows that student to enter Canada for their studies.
- All Canadian study permit data used in this report is provided courtesy of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). Data includes new study permits only.
- All Australian student visa data used in this report is sourced from the Australian Department of Home Affairs (ADHA). Data includes subclass 500 and subclass 570 to 576 visas granted to primary applicants located outside Australia only.
Australia’s international education sector experienced a similar trend. Student demand surged in 2023, with nearly 390,000 applications lodged.9 However, this upward momentum reversed in 2024. From January to August 2024, only 176,000 applications were lodged, representing a decline of over 36% compared to the same period in 2023.
The UK’s international education sector has faced comparable challenges. Sponsored study applications plateaued by the end of summer 2023, with 2024 seeing a noticeable downturn. From January to September 2024, there were 351,000 main applicant applications—a 16% drop from the same period in 2023.10 Dependant applications fell even more dramatically, down 85%. Further highlighting the drop in demand, nearly 3,600 main applicants withdrew their applications between January and June 2024, a staggering 750% increase compared to 2023.
- All UK study visa data used in this report is sourced from the UK Home Office.
The US processed 699,000 F-1 student visas in the 2023 fiscal year, an 11% increase over the previous year.11 While more recent application data isn’t yet available, monthly issuance data suggests a potential demand downturn in 2024. From January to August 2024, 322,000 F-1 visas were issued, which is an 11% drop compared to the same period in 2023. Given that refusal rates reached record highs in 2023,12 it’s likely they’ve continued to rise in 2024. However, even with this factor in play, a trend toward lower application volumes is still likely contributing to the overall decline. This is a somewhat surprising trend, given the relative policy stability of the US in 2023 and 2024, and likely speaks to the impact of fluctuating global currencies.
- All US student visa data used in this report is sourced from the U.S. Department of State. Application data is only available by fiscal year. US government fiscal years run from October of the previous year to September of the given year.
- ICEF, US study visa refusals reached record levels in 2023. April 2024.
In general, policymakers have provided limited direct communication to international students about these new policies. Without a strategic and continuous approach from the decision-makers themselves that clearly highlights how these changes support students’ long-term study goals, we expect demand in these destination markets will continue to decline into 2025.
The New Policies in Non-Anglophone Destinations That are Set to Attract Top Student Populations
Understanding the shifting policy landscape in non-Anglophone study destinations is becoming essential for Anglophone destinations seeking to lead global appeal. As these countries refine their approaches—some to attract top talent and others to manage demand—international students are presented with an evolving set of options that challenge traditional choices.
Germany’s Path Forward as a Leading Destination for Global Talent
- For additional insights, see the Competition Heating Up from Non-Anglophone Destination Markets section of last year’s Trends Report.
- German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), Germany is number 2 worldwide for international academics and researchers. November 2024.
We made waves last year predicting that Germany would become the biggest alternative destination for international students.13 And, Germany’s student enrolment momentum continued into 2024. Germany hosted about 380,000 international students for the 2023/24 winter semester, representing growth of 3% over the previous winter semester.14
Like Canada and Australia, Germany recently increased proof of funding requirements for international students. Introduced for September 2024, the new funding requirement is €11,904, an increase of 6% over the previous level.15 This modest increase is unlikely to have a significant impact on student demand, particularly when compared to the changes in Canada and Australia, where the proof of funding requirement doubled for the former and rose 41% for the latter.16
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Proof of Financing.
- Canada’s proof of funding requirement rose from $10,000 to $20,635 in December 2023. Australia’s proof of funding requirement rose from AUD$21,041 to $AUD$24,505 in October 2023, and then to AUD$29,710 in May 2024.
At the same time, Germany has made strides in easing regulations for international students once they arrive. In March 2024, the Skilled Immigration Act allowed international students from outside the European Union to work up to 20 hours per week (an increase from the previous 10 hours per week).17 This change also applies to students in preparatory university programs. The new provisions also include rules to ease access to the labour market for several high-demand, high-skilled positions including IT specialists, nursing aides and assistants, and more. Changes like these show Germany’s continued commitment to fostering student success both during their studies and after their graduation.
72% of respondents to our Fall 2024 Recruitment Partner (RP) Pulse Survey agreed that Germany was an affordable study destination.18 This sentiment outpaced all of the “Big Four” destinations.
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research, These are the changes for foreign skilled professionals. March 2024.
International Student Pathways Evolving Across Europe
Respondents to our Fall 2024 RP Pulse Survey identified several other European markets as strong contenders for student attention:
France was a leading alternative destination among survey respondents, and it’s easy to see why. France hosted over 436,000 international students for 2023/24, an increase of 5% over the previous year.19 However, French experts have noted that more information is needed about which direction the country’s new centre-right government will take its international education sector.20
Campus France, 430,000 international students in France in 2023-2024. September 2024.
- The PIE, France’s student surge driven by Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia-Pacific. October 2024.
- Study Travel, Slowdown in growth of international student population in the Netherlands. June 2024.
University World News, Discord over planned cuts to international student numbers. October 2024.
That’s because new governments can swiftly change the course of a country’s international education sector. For example, while the Netherlands hosted over 128,000 international bachelor’s and master’s students in 2023/24,21 the new government of the Netherlands presented a policy to the House of Representatives in October that will limit the number of undergraduate international students coming to study in the country by one-third.22 This plan also intends to reduce English offerings, proposing that no more than one-third of the classes in most bachelor degree programmes will be in languages other than Dutch.
Study in Finland, More than 13.000 international applicants for Jan 2025 study start. September 2024.
ICEF, Finland makes it easier for international students to work and stay. April 2022.
Our RP Pulse Survey respondents also identified Finland as a popular alternative destination. In 2024, Finland continued to strengthen its appeal to international students with key policy and structural updates. As a result, Finnish universities saw a surge in applications for English-taught programs, particularly in health care, business, and IT.23 This growth is partly due to Finland’s 2022 reform that streamlined the road to permanent residency for international students and their families.24 Finland has thus become more accessible and appealing for students looking for stability and post-study work opportunities.
The new Government Programme in Finland proposes several changes related to international persons and students living in Finland, including a new application fee for the winter 2024/25 semester and increased tuition fees by August 2026.25
University of Helsinki, Q&A: the proposed changes by the new Finnish Government. July 2024.
International Student Pathways Evolving Across Asia
Many of the world’s largest sources of international students are rapidly increasing their own study options. In 2024, India’s Union Budget introduced several initiatives aimed at encouraging students to pursue higher education locally, including increased financial support for education loans, expanded skill development programs, and planned strengthening of infrastructure.26 This is in addition to India positioning itself as a cost-effective alternative for international students, particularly in fields like medicine and technology.27
Invest India, India’s Union Budget 2024-25: Key Highlights. July 2024.
- Study India, Cost of Studying in India for Foreign Students.
We anticipate more Indian students will choose to study domestically as the country continues to invest in its education sector. This would profoundly shift student inflows in the “Big Four” by the end of the decade, particularly for institutions that haven’t diversified their markets for international student recruitment.
China also implemented several initiatives to bolster its appeal as a destination for international students in 2024. For example, it launched new educational exchange initiatives with France, aiming to double the number of French students in the country and strengthen research collaborations in engineering and social sciences.28 This move follows China’s trial-based adoption of a visa-free policy for Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, and Switzerland,29 reflecting China’s broader efforts to establish stronger international academic ties.
China Daily, Initiative to boost ties in education with France. June 2024.
Global Times, China grants visa-free status to 6 European countries. March 2024.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Vision 2030.
Cactus Global, Saudi Arabia’s universities are at the forefront of research innovation. February 2024.
These developments are in addition to those we highlighted last year, such as Spain, Portugal, Chile, and Mexico all building stronger pathways with Latin American (LATAM) students, and South Korea and Taiwan planning to recruit over 300,000 students each by 2027 and 2030, respectively.32
Shifting Global Mobility Patterns Demand Institutional Adaptability
For the “Big Four” destinations, 2024 has underscored the importance of navigating a rapidly evolving landscape with agility and insight. While government policy changes have tempered demand, these markets remain globally influential with room to strengthen their appeal by aligning with student priorities: mainly, affordability and post-graduation work opportunities. Positive shifts, such as Canada’s commitment to cultivating sustainable learning environments and the UK’s renewed support for the Graduate Route, show that even incremental policy adjustments can reinforce trust with students.
However, adapting to a landscape where student choice is more diverse than ever is crucial. As countries outside the Anglophone sphere grow their educational offerings and appeal, the “Big Four” must proactively enhance cross-sector partnerships, broaden support networks, and offer unique value propositions that resonate with today’s students. Germany’s FIT program is an excellent example. This initiative, which began in April 2024 and will continue until 2028, enables German universities to support international students throughout their entire study journey. Students receive support for their integration into German classes, career guidance, and tailored assistance to transition into the job market, bolstering both their academic and career success in Germany.33
Leveraging technology solutions will also be essential for institutions seeking to match students with programs that best meet their goals and timelines. Advanced digital tools, such as artificial intelligence (AI)-driven platforms and data analytics, can help institutions understand shifting student preferences, optimize institutional outreach efforts, and provide personalized program recommendations that align with career pathways. By strategically employing these technologies, institutions can enhance their appeal to diverse student audiences, support more targeted recruitment efforts, and build a streamlined journey from admission to graduation.
Embracing these strategies and anticipating evolving mobility patterns will enable institutions and governments in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States to map out changing global dynamics, so they can continue to empower students and remain at the forefront of international education.
Navigating the Digital Wave
Navigating
the Digital Wave
As technology reshapes education, navigating the digital wave has become essential for students, educators, and institutions alike. Tools like artificial intelligence (AI)-driven personalized learning platforms and virtual classrooms are not only transforming how education is delivered, but also creating new opportunities and challenges. To thrive, stakeholders must chart a path through evolving technologies, balancing innovation with accessibility and effectiveness to meet diverse student needs.
Integrating AI in International Education
The integration of generative AI in education is rapidly transforming traditional learning models. By enabling personalized learning, automating administrative tasks, and enhancing engagement, AI is helping the sector to effectively address diverse student needs. In a recent survey of K-12 (primary and secondary) educators, nearly 77% of respondents recognized AI’s potential benefits, particularly in reducing time on administrative tasks, with 42% reporting notable efficiency gains.34
Carnegie Learning, The State of AI in Education: Artificial Intelligence in Education 2024 Report. This survey had about 800 responses from K-12 educators, with the data collected between December 5–16, 2023.
AI-powered personalized learning platforms are at the forefront of these advancements, adapting lessons to each student’s progress and learning style in order to provide real-time feedback and guidance. This approach has shown significant potential, with . As these tools continue to develop, they offer new ways to move beyond a one-size-fits-all learning model.
Despite these benefits, some difficulties still lie ahead. About half of survey respondents identified a lack of training and support as a pivotal barrier to using AI tools effectively. Lack of training likely contributes to why a separate survey of postsecondary educators and students found that just 15% of instructors used generative AI tools in their classes, compared to 45% of students who used such tools.35 Addressing this training gap means institutions must invest in both AI technology and robust professional development to ensure educators are equipped to navigate these tools effectively.
Wiley, The Latest Insights into Academic Integrity. July 2024.
By balancing AI’s capabilities with comprehensive teacher training, institutions can enhance educational outcomes while preparing students for a tech-centric future.
AI’s Capacity to Increase Access to Education
The use of AI in educational settings may create more adaptive, accessible learning environments, thereby helping to unlock the potential of students who otherwise face barriers to learning effectively. For example, AI-powered language translation tools like Google Translate handle over 100 billion words daily, reflecting widespread demand for multilingual support.36 Now, universities worldwide are supporting the use of multilingual AI tools that enable students to engage more fully with course content.37 These tools help institutions create an attractive and inclusive learning environment that addresses different linguistic needs.
Blend, How is Artificial Intelligence Changing the Translation Services Industry ?. September 2023.
- India Today, How AI is shaping [sic] future of international education for study abroad students. September 2024.
The classroom itself can also pose challenges for some students, especially when there is limited access to practical, interactive learning opportunities such as real-world case studies or hands-on activities. However, where AI-enhanced spaces are implemented effectively, it can be game-changing. For example, virtual reality (VR) labs allow students to conduct experiments in a fully immersive environment. This encourages active engagement and builds a stronger understanding of complex scientific concepts and processes, without needing physical lab space or specialized equipment, which can be costly and space-prohibitive.38
As VR lab technology continues to evolve, research from Arizona State University (ASU) found that students—particularly those from historically underrepresented groups in higher education—achieved higher performance outcomes in VR-based courses compared to traditional settings.39 In fact, the mean score of students in these VR lab sections was 8% higher than those in traditional lab sections. This finding demonstrates the potential of AI and VR to bridge gaps in learning accessibility and provide more equitable opportunities for student excellence in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields.
ASU, Dreamscape Learn Compendium: BIO 181. Spring 2022.
How AI Helps Increase Institutional Efficiency
AI technologies are revolutionizing student enrolment by automating tasks that were once labour-intensive, such as transcript, test score, and identification document verification.40 Automation accelerates processing times and improves accuracy, allowing institutions to handle higher application volumes while maintaining quality control. By reducing manual workloads, AI enables admissions teams to reallocate resources to other critical areas of student engagement and support.
- Footnote should be: Salesforce, Leveraging Data and AI to Boost Enrollment and Retention. 2023.
This increased efficiency benefits both institutions and students. For students, faster processing times means reduced stress associated with waiting for enrolment decisions. In turn, this allows them to focus on preparing for their studies earlier, and enables a smoother transition into their academic programs. For institutions, increased processing efficiency means both cost savings and greater appeal to prospective students. Past data has shown that delaying a student’s letter of acceptance could reduce tuition deposit rates by up to 47%.41 Likewise, our latest RP Pulse Survey found that student concerns about visa processing times and/or approval rates have spiked in 2024, with 57% of respondents citing this as a priority when considering where to study (up from 44% in Q3 2023):42
- ApplyBoard, ApplyInsights: How Much Does LOA Turnaround Time Impact Tuition Deposit Rate?. January 2022.
- ApplyBoard, Counsellor Survey Shows International Student Preferences Shifting to the US and Europe. October 2024.
AI also plays a pivotal role in matching students with programs aligned to their academic background, skills, and career goals. By analyzing a range of data points, AI can provide tailored program recommendations that enhance student retention, as students are more likely to thrive in programs that fit their aspirations. Additionally, AI-driven platforms offer seamless communication throughout the enrolment process, with chatbots available 24/7 to provide critical information on application requirements and deadlines. This reduces the workload on admissions staff while ensuring prospective students, regardless of their time zone, can access timely support.
We anticipate that the institutions which prioritize AI integration will likely emerge or keep their position as top choices for attracting international talent in the coming years.
Leveraging Digitization to Unlock Student Potential
In addition to AI-driven technology, digital platforms are becoming pivotal tools for destination markets looking to strengthen their global presence. Today, countries like India and Saudi Arabia are leveraging increased digitization to enhance their appeal as accessible, dynamic study destinations for a global audience.
In India, the Study in India (SII) portal was launched last year as a comprehensive platform to streamline international student admissions. This portal simplifies the application, visa, and course selection process for leading Indian universities by centralizing all of them on SII, enhancing the country’s accessibility for foreign students while providing valuable guidance on course offerings and student resources.43 Similarly, Saudi Arabia’s “Study in Saudi Arabia” platform allows international students to easily apply to Saudi universities.44
- The Economic Times, Study In India portal launched for international students. August 2023.
Gulf News, Saudi Arabia launches educational visa programme. March 2024.
For additional insights, see the English Language Programs Bring Latin American Students to Australia section of last year’s Trends Report, which provides a detailed breakdown of the SAE’s effective strategy.
Last year, we highlighted Australia’s Study Australia Experience (SAE) platform as an effective model for other destinations to diversify their international student populations. By centralizing information and localizing content to meet regional needs—such as translating resources for Latin American (LATAM) audiences—the SAE platform successfully contributed to increased applications from countries like Colombia and Brazil.45 The SAE platform’s strategic design shows how addressing specific barriers like language accessibility can be pivotal to attracting international students.
Given the SAE’s significant success, we should expect to see similar digital platforms achieve success. Just as the SAE platform helped Australia broaden its reach into LATAM, these platforms will allow emerging destination markets to appeal to broader international audiences, making education in these countries more accessible and competitive on the global stage.
We anticipate that these centralized systems will continue to innovate and reshape the international education landscape, as students and their recruitment counsellors prioritize destinations that offer streamlined information access. As the implementation of platforms like these become standard across the sector, key policymakers and collaborators in destination markets should aim to invest in and advance these digital tools, positioning themselves competitively in the digital wave of global education.
How AI and Digitization Can Help International Students Succeed in Post-Study Work Opportunities
In addition to helping unlock international students’ potential, AI and digital tools are reshaping their future workplaces. According to McKinsey, 67% of surveyed business leaders expect their organization to increase its investment in AI over the next three years, with analytical AI tools focusing on creating value, particularly in human resources and recruitment functions.46 Further, three of every four respondents predicted that generative AI will lead to significant or disruptive change in their industry.
- McKinsey, The state of AI in early 2024: Gen AI adoption spikes and starts to generate value. May 2024. This survey garnered responses from 1,363 participants representing the full range of regions,
Building international students’ competency with emerging technologies is therefore essential, as these capabilities will be foundational not only for adapting to modern workplaces but also for driving their future success in an evolving global job market. Indeed, Microsoft’s 2023 Work Trend Index found that 82% of business leaders believe AI-related skills are essential.47 Critically, the Microsoft report highlights that learning to work alongside AI won’t just be about building technical capacity, but also prioritizing interpersonal skills including analytical, emotional, and critical thinking skills.48 Supporting this finding, a LinkedIn report noted that 92% of American executives believe interpersonal skills are more important than ever.49
Microsoft, Will AI Fix Work? May 2023
Microsoft, Explore insights from the AI in Education Report. April 2024.
- LinkedIn, Future of Work Report: AI at Work. August 2023.
Reports find that 85% of career success comes not from technical skills,50 but from soft skills. And by 2030, soft skill-intensive occupations are expected to account for two-thirds of all jobs and grow at a rate of nearly 2.5 times that of other occupations.51
WiseWorld, Soft skills ensure 85% of career success.
AI-driven platforms are increasingly valuable tools for helping international students develop these essential soft skills. In general, studies have shown that AI tools can increase students’ motivation, self-confidence, and interest in learning English.52 But AI platforms can help students develop skills specific to their area of study too. For example, in nursing education, AI-powered simulations help develop both clinical competencies and confidence: Simulations of realistic patient scenarios coupled with immediate feedback better prepare students for encounters with live patients in a clinical setting.53
NAFSA, Generative AI and Global Education. January 2024.
- JMIR Nursing, Navigating the Pedagogical Landscape: Exploring the Implications of AI and Chatbots in Nursing Education. June 2024.
Paving the Way for a Digital-Forward Education Sector
The digital wave in international education is unlocking new potential for students, institutions, and destination markets. AI advancements and digital platforms in countries like India and Saudi Arabia are simplifying application processes and offering streamlined pathways for students. By addressing accessibility barriers, these tools amplify the potential reach of international education.
For students, this digital transformation offers adaptive learning experiences and enhanced readiness for global job markets. AI-powered tools that support personalized learning and build essential interpersonal skills equip students with capabilities aligned to evolving employer expectations.
Looking ahead, integrating AI and digital tools into existing operations will be crucial for institutions and policymakers aiming to lead in the international education sector. Strategic investments in AI-enhanced enrolment systems offer significant advantages: they enable smoother, faster processing of applications, and help institutions meet growing demands without compromising on quality or support. AI-driven platforms can also provide personalized enrolment experiences by matching students with programs that align with their academic and career goals, fostering higher satisfaction and retention. By expanding access to digital resources, supporting educators, and enhancing student services, key players in the sector can set a new standard for responsive, efficient, and accessible global education.
Navigating the Future Workforce
As demand grows for adaptable, skilled graduates across sectors like health care and technology, international students have become pivotal to filling in-demand jobs. In 2024, shifts in economic priorities and demographic pressures in major destination markets have underscored the need to align educational outcomes with workforce demands. International students—through their entrepreneurial spirit and contributions to high-growth fields—are critical to sustaining economic resilience in not only the countries they choose to study in, but also their home countries.
Preparing students for career success after graduation will require strategic partnerships, targeted career development, and policies that create clear pathways from study to employment. While these partnerships and investments may take time to refine, the result is priceless: empowering today’s scholars to navigate tomorrow’s global market.
Navigating the Future Workforce
As technology reshapes education, navigating the digital wave has become essential for students, educators, and institutions alike. Tools like artificial intelligence (AI)-driven personalized learning platforms and virtual classrooms are not only transforming how education is delivered, but also creating new opportunities and challenges. To thrive, stakeholders must chart a path through evolving technologies, balancing innovation with accessibility and effectiveness to meet diverse student needs.
How International Students Fuel Innovation and Sustain Healthy Economies
- NAFSA, New NAFSA Data Reveal International Student Economic Contributions Continue to Rebound. November 2023.
- IRCC, Economic impact of international education in Canada — 2022 update. November 2023. This is the latest available data, and measures jobs supported both directly and indirectly.
Nairametrics, Australian authorities project loss of 250,000 jobs dependent on foreign students. June 2024.
- According to the Australian Bureau of Statistic’s July 2024 Labour Force Survey.
International students provide instrumental support to destination economies by driving job creation and contributing to cross-sector innovation. In the US, international students supported over 368,000 jobs in the 2022/23 academic year alone, marking a 10% increase from the prior year.54 In Canada, international students supported over 361,000 jobs in 2022, equivalent to 246,000 full-time positions.55 Similarly, over 250,000 jobs in Australia are attributed to international students,56 making up nearly 2% of all jobs there.57 These students’ economic impact extends beyond immediate employment: their careers as graduates often lead to long-term innovation and business development in their destination country.
Indeed, the entrepreneurial spirit of international students fosters economic success, with many of these students establishing high-growth companies post-graduation. In the UK, nearly 60% of university startups in 2020 were founded by former international students.58 And in the US, 143 billion-dollar startups in 2022 had a founder that first came to the country as an international student, creating an average of 860 jobs each.59
- Study International, Almost 60% of British university start-ups founded by international graduates: report. August 2020.
- National Foundation for American Policy (NFAP), Immigrant Entrepreneurs and U.S. Billion-Dollar Companies. July 2022.
- For additional insights, see the Aging Destination Markets Need Skilled Workers section of last year’s Trends Report, which provides a detailed breakdown of the aging demographics in each of the “Big Four” destinations.
This blend of educational attainment and entrepreneurial success means international students help build thriving, innovative companies in their destinations of choice, and they’re equally critical to charting future workforce demands. Projections show that citizens aged 65 and over will represent 20% or more of the population in major English-speaking destinations by 2030, underscoring the need for skilled international graduates to sustain economic growth.60
As this demographic shift places increasing pressure on the workforce, demand will be especially prevalent in high-tech fields like artificial intelligence. As of 2023, 71% of full-time graduate students in American computer and information sciences programs were international students, and 42% of the top AI firms were founded by former international students.61
- NFAP, AI and Immigrants. June 2023.
65% of children entering primary school today are expected to work in jobs that do not currently exist.62
World Economic Forum, 3 ways to disrupt education and help bridge the skills gap. August 2021.
Forecasting Career-Development Needs for Students in 2025 and Beyond
As industries evolve, so too must the skills and experiences students acquire to navigate future workforce demands. Anticipating career development needs means equipping students with adaptable skill sets—from technical expertise to cross-cultural communication—that will prepare them for roles in high-growth sectors. By planning for 2025 and beyond, institutions and employers can proactively support students’ transitions from their studies to meaningful careers.
Canada’s Future Workforce Needs
Canada is forecasted to see nearly 8 million job openings from 2022 to 2031.63 Over this period, retirement-driven replacement is projected to account for 63% of all job openings. Notably, two-thirds of these openings will be in roles typically requiring post-secondary education or management experience, underscoring the need to welcome and train a new, highly skilled workforce.
Government of Canada, Canadian Occupational Projection System (COPS). July 2023.
Health care and social assistance alone is expected to employ 3.1 million Canadian workers by 2031. This would be an increase of 258,000 employees over August 2024 employment levels, representing a growth of 9%.64 Over this same period, the education sector is forecasted to increase by 5% by adding an additional 74,000 jobs. Meanwhile, the finance, insurance, and real estate sector is projected to grow by 4%, adding over 62,000 new workers to the sector.65
Statistics Canada, Employment by class of worker and industry, seasonally adjusted. September 2024.
International graduates from Canadian institutions are eligible for the Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP), which allows them to work for up to three years depending on the duration of their studies.66 As of November 1, 2024, anyone who applies for a PGWP will require a CLB or NCLC score of at least level 7 for university graduates, and level 5 for college graduates. Also, some future international students will need to meet field of study requirements based on their level of study.
Government of Canada, About the PGWP.
Australia’s Future Workforce Needs
The Australian government projects almost 2 million jobs will be added to the Australian labour market by 2033. That represents a growth of 14% from 2023.67 The three sectors driving this growth are all high-skilled industries facing an urgent need to replenish their workforce as a wave of retirements approaches: health care and social assistance, professional, scientific and technical services, and education and training.
Health care and social assistance alone is expected to grow by over half a million employees by 2033, an increase of 25% over 2023 levels. The professional, scientific, and technical services sector is projected to add 234,000 positions, marking an 18% increase, while education and training will require 156,000 new employees, reflecting a 13% rise.
Jobs and Skills Australia (Australian Government), Employment Projections. Projections are for the 2023 to 2033 period.
Australia provides the Temporary Graduate Visa (subclass 485), permitting international graduates to live, study, and work temporarily after completing their studies.68 The duration of this visa varies based on the qualification: up to 2 years for bachelor’s and master’s by coursework degrees, and up to 3 years for master’s by research and doctoral degrees.
Australian Department of Home Affairs, Temporary Graduate visa.
The UK’s Future Workforce Needs
The UK is anticipated to employ 37 million people by 2035, an increase of 4% over the expected 2025 levels.69 Health and social work is projected to add over 349,000 jobs—a 7% increase—over this period. Education is also forecasted to add more than 100,000 roles over the decade. Information technology also stands out with a 98,000-job increase, or 8% growth, underscoring the critical need for tech talent as digital transformation accelerates across industries.
Government of the UK, Labour market and skills projections: 2020 to 2035. March 2023.
The UK Graduate Route allows international students to stay for two years after graduation (or three years for doctoral graduates) to work or look for employment.70 Recently, the Migration Advisory Committee recommended retaining this route in its current form, a positive signal amid previous uncertainty.
Government of the UK, Graduate visa.
Interestingly, in the UK, the arts and entertainment sector is projected to lead workforce expansion with a 9% growth rate. As a key driver of the UK’s culture and economy, this sector encompasses everything from iconic theatre and film industries to its standing as the world’s second-largest visual art market. Although arts and entertainment faced one of the hardest hits during the pandemic with extensive layoffs,71 the sector’s continued recovery signals resilience and renewed vigour, offering promising opportunities for creative talent to flourish.
McKinsey & Company, Introduction: Seeing the big picture. November 2023.
The US’s Future Workforce Needs
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Employment Projections — 2023–2033. August 2024.
BLS, Employment in STEM occupations. August 2024.
The US is predicted to add 6.7 million jobs between 2023 and 2033, representing an overall growth rate of 4%.72 STEM occupations are projected to grow over 10% over this period, outpacing non-STEM roles at 4%.73 With a median annual wage of US$101,650—more than twice that of non-STEM roles at US$46,680—STEM fields offer a highly attractive career pathway.
The health care and social assistance sector is positioned for the largest expansion, fueled by an aging population and increasing need for services. This sector is projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 1% from 2023 to 2033, representing the creation of 2.2 million jobs over the decade. Similarly, the IT sector is set to grow 0.7% annually over this period, reflecting the continued strong demand for tech talent. Also, the professional and business services industry, expected to add 1.6 million jobs over the decade, is expected to grow at the same annual rate as IT.
In the U.S., the Optional Practical Training (OPT) program enables F-1 visa students to work in their field of study for up to 12 months after graduation.74 STEM graduates may be eligible for a 24-month extension, totaling 36 months of work authorization.
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Optional Practical Training (OPT) for F-1 Students.
The EU’s Future Workforce Needs
The EU is forecasted to see a 1% employment growth between 2022 and 2035.75 Although the percentage changes in the EU may appear modest compared to other regions, its population of 449 million76 means even small shifts affect significantly larger groups than in individual countries.
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop), Future Jobs.
Eurostat, Demography of Europe – 2024 edition.
This projected growth is especially pronounced in sectors that attract international talent. Key areas like health and social care, IT, and finance are projected to expand well above the EU average. Health and social care is forecasted to grow by 12%, again responding to the needs of an aging population. Meanwhile, information and communications technology is expected to increase by 15%, and finance and insurance is projected to see steady growth at 6%. Together, these sectors underscore the EU’s potential as an attractive destination for international students pursuing impactful, future-focused careers.
A Collaborative Approach to Workforce Preparedness
As global workforce demands evolve, they create both challenges and opportunities for institutions and students. For institutions, forming strategic partnerships with industry and government will be crucial for navigating pathways that connect education to meaningful employment opportunities. Developing programs that respond to the evolving needs of sectors like health care and technology will improve graduates’ career prospects and can elevate the appeal of these destination markets to skilled talent.
Institutions can further support student success by leveraging advanced technology solutions that align students with programs suited to their aspirations and career goals. AI-driven platforms and data analytics can provide insights into shifting student preferences, helping institutions offer personalized program recommendations. This targeted approach not only optimizes recruitment but also promotes a seamless journey from admission to graduation, helping to ensure students are well-positioned to succeed in their field.
For international students, cultivating versatile skills and cross-disciplinary expertise will be key to advancing in an ever-changing job market. As new fields emerge and existing sectors transform, students who build diverse technical and soft skill competencies will be well-prepared for success. Institutions can support this growth by expanding career services, fostering entrepreneurship opportunities, and integrating experiential learning opportunities that bridge academia and the workplace.
A coordinated effort among educators, industry leaders, and policymakers can better prepare students to make meaningful contributions to high-growth sectors. Through robust career-readiness programs, mentorship, and support for innovation, destination markets can enable international students to flourish in their post-graduation careers. This strategic alignment will help institutions and students alike chart workforce demands, ultimately building a resilient, globally competitive economy.
Stay Tuned
In this report, we’ve touched on a wide range of factors that have impacted international education trends and which will continue to influence the sector in the coming years. But this report is not intended to be exhaustive. Many of the trends we’ve discussed are more complex than we’ve outlined here. And others may prove more profound than anyone realizes, particularly as destination markets enact new policies to reflect their shifting mindsets.
Competition to attract students will remain fierce in 2024. The destination countries that build and reinforce cross-sector bridges will be the ones that can offer students the highest quality of education and experience. And developing in-demand student skills is critically needed so that industries can replace retiring workers over the coming decades.
At ApplyBoard, we’ll continue to provide key data insights and forecasts across markets on a regular basis. Over the coming weeks and months, we’ll be releasing detailed articles and analyses that expand on some of the topics discussed in this report.
Stay Tuned
In this year’s report, we’ve explored some of the significant global student mobility shifts that students, institutions, and destination markets must navigate as they shape the future of international education. But this report provides just a snapshot of an evolving landscape. The trends we’ve outlined here are complex and interwoven, and some will continue to unfold in unexpected ways as policy changes, technological advancements, and economic needs reshape the sector.
The competition to attract students is intensifying, and destinations that prioritize adaptability, collaboration, and digital innovation will be best positioned to offer students a comprehensive, high-quality experience. From supplying AI-driven learning tools to building targeted workforce partnerships, these destination markets will lead the way in supporting students as they strive toward future success.
At ApplyBoard, we remain committed to delivering data insights, analyses, and forecasts to help our partners and the sector at large steer through this dynamic environment. Over the coming months, we’ll continue to publish in-depth articles and updates on the developments discussed in this report, providing guidance as international education enters a new chapter.
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