If you’re considering studying in Germany, you likely already know that Germany is renowned for its high-quality education system. German institutions are recognized globally for their quality and emphasis on practical learning.
Whether you’re considering studying in Germany for just a semester or planning to complete your degree, understanding the German education system is essential for your study abroad success. In this article, we’ll guide you through key details of the German education system, from primary to post-secondary education.
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Primary and Secondary Education in Germany
The German education system follows the Deutscher Qualifikationsrahmen (DQR), a framework which outlines the qualifications students can achieve. All students must complete at least nine years of full-time education and two to three years of part-time education, starting with primary school.
The German education system is divided into several levels, each catering to different age groups and stages of learning:
Pre-School Education
While not mandatory in Germany, Kindergarten (pre-school) offers early childhood education for children aged three to six. Kindergarten focuses on social skills, creativity, and learning through play, preparing children for primary school.
Primary Education
At age six, children enter Grundschule (primary school), which lasts for four years (except in Berlin and Brandenburg, where primary school lasts for six years). During Grundschule, students are introduced to basic subjects such as mathematics, German, and general studies.
Secondary Education
A child’s academic performance in primary school determines which type of secondary (Sekundarstufe) school they attend. Germany has two main types of secondary schools:
- Gesamtschule/Gemeinschaftsschule: Also known as comprehensive school, this school teaches students from grades 5 to 12 (ages 10 to 18). Gesamtschule programmes often focus on preparing students to pursue vocational education after graduation. Most students graduate after completing Fachoberschule, a two-year program within Gesamtschule that combines academic study with practical training in Grades 11 and 12.
- Gymnasium: Sometimes called grammar school, Gymnasium offers education from grades 5 to 13. Students at a Gymnasium often graduate after completing Gymnasiale Oberstufe, a two- to three-year programme focused on advanced academics and university preparation.
Note: Some federal states have different types of secondary schools, including Hauptschulen (upper elementary or junior high school) and Realschulen (a six-year alternative to Gymnasium).
Students can receive up to four secondary level qualifications in Germany, based on how many years of secondary school they complete:
- Erster allgemeinbildender Schulabschluss (ESA): The first level of qualification, awarded to students who complete Grade 9. In some federal states, an ESA is sufficient to enroll in vocational training.
- Mittlerer Schulabschluss (MSA): The second level of qualification, awarded to students who complete Grade 10. An MSA is typically a prerequisite for attending vocational training or switching from a Gesamtschule to a Gymnasium to pursue university preparation.
- Fachabitur: The third level of qualification, awarded to students who complete Fachoberschule. A Fachabitur (or equivalent) is required to enrol at a German University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschulen).
- Abitur: The highest level of secondary qualification. The Abitur is awarded to students who graduate from Gymnasiale Oberstufe. Students who receive the Abitur are eligible to apply to study at universities (Universitäten) to pursue research-focused academic programs, including bachelor’s, master’s, and PhD degrees.
Post-Secondary Education in Germany
Vocational Education
The German education system is known for its dual vocational training system, combining classroom learning with practical training in a workplace. The dual system is closely linked with industry needs, ensuring students acquire relevant skills for post-study employment. Students can enrol in vocational school (Berufsschule) after completing their ESA or MSA.
These vocational programmes often last two to three years and include attending class part-time and completing on-the-job training at a German company. Typically, students attend classes one to two days a week and work three to four days at their apprenticeship site.
Vocational education is very popular in Germany and helps students fast-track their careers by giving them hands-on experience in their field. Apprenticeships are available across in-demand industries including automotive, engineering, information technology (IT), health care, and hospitality.
Higher Education
Higher education in Germany includes four main types of institutions: universities, universities of applied sciences, universities of technology, and specialized institutions. While all German universities offer bachelor’s and master’s degrees, they differ in their focus:
- Universities (Universitäten): These institutions are research-oriented and offer a wide range of academic disciplines. They also offer doctoral programmes and are ideal for students looking to pursue scholarly research or advanced academic careers.
- Universities of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschulen or UAS): These institutions emphasize practical education. Many have extensive ties to local and international industry, and their programmes often include mandatory internships and project-based learning. They are great for students who wish to enter the workforce quickly after completing their degrees.
- Universities of Technology (Technische Universitäten or TU): These institutions specialize in engineering, technology, and applied sciences (STEM) programmes. They’re home to advanced research facilities, interdisciplinary programs, and strong ties with industries such as automotive, aerospace, and IT.
- Specialized Institutions: These institutions’ programmes focus on specific fields, such as colleges of art and music (Kunsthochschulen and Musikhochschulen). Many specialized institutions feature practice-oriented curriculum, small class sizes for individualized mentorship, and access to state-of-the-art spaces.
Private vs. Public Institutions
While most higher education institutions (HEIs) in Germany are public, private universities are increasingly popular among international students. Private institutions often offer specialized programs, and smaller class sizes with personalized support and industry-focused training. However, they charge tuition fees to both domestic and international students. By contrast, German public institutions often feature diverse program offerings and charge little to no tuition fees to all students.
For post-secondary students considering studying in more than one country, it’s important to note that Germany follows the Bologna Process. The Bologna Process is a series of agreements among European countries designed to ensure compatibility and international recognition of the country’s academic qualifications. This system makes it easier for students to transfer credits, study abroad, and have their degrees recognized globally.
Pathway Programmes and Alternative Study Options
Students who need to meet academic or language requirements before entering a university programme may pursue a pathway programme. The most popular options include:
- Foundation Year Programmes (Studienkolleg): Required for students whose high school diploma is not directly equivalent to the German Abitur, Studienkolleg helps bridge academic gaps. To complete the Studienkolleg programme, students must take the Feststellungsprüfung, or university qualification exam.
- English Language Preparation Programmes: Many universities offer preparatory programmes to improve international students’ academic English proficiency before they start a degree.
- Dual Study Programmes (Duales Studium): Academic coursework and hands-on industry training allows students to gain work experience while earning a degree.
Admission Requirements to Study in Germany
Language Requirements
Many universities in Germany offer programmes in English, particularly at the postgraduate level. However, knowledge of the German language can significantly enhance your academic and social experience. Most undergraduate programmes require proficiency in German, so it’s a good idea to check the language requirements of your selected programmes before you apply.
Admissions Process
To apply for a higher education programme in Germany, international students typically need to provide:
- A recognized secondary school diploma equivalent to the German Abitur.
- Proof of language proficiency (German or English, depending on the programme).
- Additional documentation, such as a CV, motivation letter, and letters of recommendation.
To find out more about the German student visa application process, check out our step-by-step guide.
Financing Your Education
Studying in Germany is often more cost-effective than in many other popular destinations. The cost of living in Germany for international students can be quite affordable, and some public universities don’t charge tuition fees for domestic or international students. However, these institutions may still charge small semester fees that cover their administration and services.
International students looking to fund their study abroad journey in Germany can also turn to scholarship programs. International students may be able to apply for scholarships through their intended institution, or through providers such as DAAD, Erasmus+, or Deutschlandstipendium.
Students can also usually work part-time while studying in Germany, without a separate work permit. International students can work up to 20 hours per week during the school semester either on- or off-campus.
Germany’s education system offers students a diverse, high-quality, and globally recognized academic experience. Students benefit from a future-focused education that opens doors to international career opportunities and long-term success.
By understanding the structure and requirements of the education system, you are one step closer to embarking on an exciting academic adventure in Germany. Don’t forget to engage with local culture and connect with fellow students—these experiences will undoubtedly make your time in Germany unforgettable!
Embark on your European study abroad journey today and explore ApplyBoard’s partner schools across Germany!
